The three Rs: relicensing, recertification and revalidation

Appraisal and revalidation--guidance for consultants preparing for relicensing and specialist recertification.

Standards and revalidation or recertification.

Patients want doctors who are competent, respectful, honest and able to communicate with them. This is patient-centred professionalism. In the United Kingdom, it is being embedded into practice by the General Medical Council (GMC) through medical regulation in a partnership between the public and doctors. The foundation is a national code of professional standards - Good Medical Practice - that...

The Three Rs

The term “the three Rs” in science refers to replacement, reduction, and refinement, a set of guiding principles for more humane use of animals in research and testing: replacement of animals with nonsentient alternatives; reduction of the number of animals used to the minimum consistent with achieving the scientific objectives; and refinement of scientific procedures and husbandry to minimize ...

The Three Rs in India.

Historically, the use of animals for research has been important in the biomedical sciences and in the field of toxicology, but there are ethical obligations on the scientific community to follow the Three Rs of animal experimentation1 (i.e. Refinement, Reduction and Replacement), whenever it is feasible. There are also scientific, economic and regulatory restrictions, as well as societal conce...

The three Rs and biomedical research.

Editorial Staff Assistant Managing Editor: Dawn McCoy Senior Editors: Eleanore Butz, R. Brooks Hanson, Pamela J. Hines, Barbara Jasny, Katrina L. Kelner, Paula A. Kiberstis, Linda J. Miller, L. Bryan Ray, Phillip D. Szuromi, David F. Voss Associate Editors: Gilbert J. Chin, Suki Parks, Linda R. Rowan Letters: Christine Gilbert, Editor; Steven S. Lapham, Assistant Letters Editor, Charlene King, ...